Water is central to Zanzibar’s socioeconomic development and environmental sustainability. It is essential for domestic use, agriculture, industry, health, tourism, and environmental conservation. The Zanzibar Water and Sanitation Policy of 2025 outlines the framework, challenges, and priorities for managing water resources, water supply and wastewater sustainably and equitably, with a strong emphasis on integrated planning, gender inclusion, climate resilience, and improved governance.
Zanzibar’s water resources are entirely groundwater-based, primarily sourced from aquifers, springs, wells, and boreholes. Zanzibar lacks large surface water bodies or perennial rivers, making it highly dependent on rainfall and groundwater recharge. Water supply in Zanzibar is entirely privatized and managed by Rand water on behalf of the government. Water supply service is thorough regulated by Zanzibar Utility Regulatory Authority (ZURA). Zanzibar’s sanitation coverage is significantly lower than water access. The majority of households use on-site sanitation systems, such as pit latrines and septic tanks.